Investigating tribal co-management of Caifornia’s public lands

Collaborative management with Indigenous groups is becoming increasingly common as many Indigenous communities continue to assert their inherent rights to self-determination. Due to the removal from and dispossession of lands, tribes often rely on access to public properties for various uses including ceremonies and gathering of culturally important plants. Some believe that the absence of indigenous involvement has also led to a decline in both the quality and abundance of culturally important resources, as well as limited the intergenerational transfer of traditional ecological knowledge, or TEK. There is increasing momentum toward re-engaging tribes as stewards of their ancestral lands through collaborative management agreements. In California, USA, there is an ongoing effort to initiate this decentralized form of governance on state-owned lands but little research has investigated its implementation. Reflecting on this process can support both current and future co-management efforts. This two-part study fills a research gap in co-management literature by providing both government and tribal perspectives on developing a co-management partnership. Chapter 1 utilizes qualitative research methods to understand the views and forest management priorities of a Native American Tribe in a potential co-management partnership with a California State University. In Chapter 2, I further explore co-management in California by examining a state-directed co-management effort from the perspective of government employees. I interviewed 20 California Natural Resources Agency employees to identify whether co-management was occurring on public lands. We also explore the identified barriers and tools they utilized to overcome them viewed through the lens of Adaptive Co-Management Theory. These two studies provide a unique opportunity to gain early glimpses into efforts to engage with Native American tribes in the co-management of California’s public lands from both the government and tribal perspectives

The Seasonality of Physically Driven Export at Submesoscales in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Submesoscale dynamics O(1–100 km) are associated with enhanced vertical velocities and evolve on a time scale similar to that of biological production (hours to days). Here we consider an annual cycle of submesoscale dynamics and their relation to productivity and export in a small (20 × 20 km) region of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. In this region, a springtime bloom is initiated by restratification of the mixed layer in June, although intermittent shoaling of the mixed layer maintains phytoplankton populations throughout the year. An optical community index suggests a dominance of large species (e.g., diatoms) during spring and picophytoplankton during the winter. We review three types of submesoscale instabilities—mixed layer (baroclinic), gravitational, and symmetric—and consider the impact of each on export of fixed carbon out of the surface layer. Mixed layer instabilities can potentially export material out of the mixed layer during winter, although the vertical velocity across the base of the mixed layer is sensitive to the parameterization scheme. Symmetric instabilities, in contrast, provide a clear mechanism for rapid export out of the mixed layer. A crucial factor determining export potential is the strength of the pycnocline at the base of the mixed layer. Export production is sensitive to the degree of overlap that exists between intense submesoscale activity associated with deep mixed layers in the winter and high productivity associated with the spring restratification, meaning that physically driven export of fixed carbon will likely happen over a short time window during spring

Remote Sensing of Diatom Bloom Succession

Marine diatoms are major biogeochemical and ecological influencers that contribute to a large fraction of the carbon export and supplying fisheries (Falkowski 2015). The fluxes of carbon transfer to the food web or to the deep ocean vary according to the stage of a diatom bloom (Du Toit 2018). Stages can be determined using inherent optical properties that reflect their physiological state, such as the chlorophyll fluorescence to particulate backscattering ratio (ChlF/b(sub bp), Cetinic et al. 2015). Identifying the bloom stage can potentially improve biogeochemical models of carbon export and fishery management. However, it is not yet possible to adequately determine the stage of phytoplankton blooms using satellites. Satellite-derived remote sensing reflectance R(sub rs)() allow for remote identification of diatom blooms in the open ocean (Sathyendranath et al. 2004), and there are techniques to estimate the fluorescence quantum yield () that, when high, can indicate the nutrient limitation that often takes place when blooms start to senesce (Behrenfeld et al. 2009). The goal of this study is to use the ratio between the normalized fluorescence line height from R(sub rs)() (nFLH) and the particulate backscattering (b(sub bp)(443)) provided by satellites to identify exponentially growing and senescent diatom blooms from space

Ischemic Preconditioning on Swimming Performance: An Exploration into Practical Application

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology Volume 4: Issue 1, Article 14, 2023. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), in exercise science, is the practice of repeatedly creating an ischemic event within a limb before exercise in an effort to improve athletic ability. The athletic aid, currently under review for its applicability to aerobic sports, has garnered conflicting results in the last decade of study. This research investigated the effects of IPC over distances of 250 and 500 yards while imposing commonly suggested methodologies. Sixteen college-aged swimmers, either recreational or competitive, were given IPC treatment with individualized limb occlusion pressure (ILOP) accompanied by a sham protocol. Participants were requested to give maximal effort during the trials, and pain and exertion scores were collected at multiple points. Results showed that the distance of 250 yards (p-value = 0.02) was improved by the IPC treatment, but the distance of 500 yards was not (p-value = 0.53). There was no significant variation in the visual analog scale (VAS) or rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for either distance. Measurement of ILOP found 25% of participants needed higher pressure than standardized pressure some studies utilize and 19% required pressure 40 mmHg below the standard. It was concluded that IPC may have a short period of benefit corresponding to the improvement seen in the 250 yard swim and that ILOP should be used over a standard pressure

Carbon Export Through Submesoscale instabilities: Combining in Situ and Satellite Products

No abstract availabl

Physical Processes Leading to Export of Fixed Carbon Out of the Surface Ocean

The ocean sequesters carbon on long time scales by depositing it deep in the ocean, where it is no longer in contact with the atmosphere. This sequestration is also termed "carbon export", and is accomplished via a vertical flux of carbon into the interior of the ocean. Marine photosynthesis by phytoplankton, which consume carbon dioxide dissolved in the surface ocean and are transported to depth to be eventually remineralized or form sediments at the ocean surface, is a key component of this flux (the biological pump). This mechanism is primarily thought to occur via sinking of particulates. However, research over the past few decades has highlighted the role of instabilities at the "submesoscale", or 0.1--20 km, to induce large, O(100 m day-1) vertical velocities in the ocean. These vertical velocities can potentially subduct carbon from the surface ocean into the interior, where it would contribute to export. Observations of the ocean are, however, rarely made at scales which would detect these submesoscale instabilities. In this thesis, I use in situ observations from autonomous underwater vehicles, Seagliders, which make measurements in the upper 1000 m of the water column at horizontal scales of 1-3 km, to understand when and where submesoscale instabilities are present, and the extent to which they act to transport biologically fixed carbon out of the surface ocean. Three different types of instabilities are active in the surface mixed layer: baroclinic, gravitational, and symmetric. Each of these has potential to subduct material below the mixed layer; however, these instabilities are generally strongest during the winter, when biological production is at its minimum. An interesting exception is in southern Drake Passage, where interactions between the intense frontal system and the continental shelf result in subduction of water masses off the continental shelf during summer, when phytoplankton are photosynthesizing. In general, however, carbon export via submesoscale instabilities is expected to be largest during spring, when phytoplankton become more productive but conditions can still be ripe for submesoscale subduction. Scaling up these observations to the global ocean system is difficult because in situ observations at submesoscales are sparse. This thesis explores the ability of surface flux measurements, from reanalysis products and remote sensing measurements, to accurately depict carbon export via subduction processes by modeling the water profile in a one-dimensional model following Lagrangian floats in the ocean. This approach holds promise to advance the ultimate goal of determining the global effect of submesoscale-driven carbon export

Behavioural effects of ancestral stress and postnatal environment

This thesis examines the effects of both ancestral stress and postnatal environment on behaviour in male Long Evans rats. We investigated the consequences of maternal exposure to prenatal stress across generations (transgenerational prenatal stress), as well the effects of multiple consecutive generations exposed to prenatal stress that may be seen within a hostile natural environment (multigenerational prenatal stress). In addition, we tested the influence of postnatal environment on ancestral stress-induced behavioural changes using consumption of artificial food dye and environmental enrichment via complex housing. Our results suggest that multiple consecutive generations of stress serve as a more consistent environment in which to “calibrate” the developing brain. In addition, our findings suggest that EE is beneficial to all male rats, independent of the experience of ancestral stress. Our results provide evidence that working to improve developmental environments is a worthwhile endeavour, and may reduce risk for mental illness in affected populations

Critical Power Concept: Males vs. Females and the Impact of Muscle Fiber Composition

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(4): 277-286, 2019. CP describes the highest metabolic rate resulting in complete oxidative energy provision (steady state). Between the heavy and severe domain of exercise, CP will be surpassed, and the finite work capacity known as W\u27 will be used up. The purpose of the study is to test CP and W’ and its relationship in males and females, while assessing type I and II muscle fiber distribution in the leg. A 3 MT and isokinetic leg dynamometer muscle fiber typing protocol of 25 consecutive leg extensions were completed. W\u27 for the sample (n = 17) was 8381.64 ± 4556.72 joules [males (n = 9): 12086.22 ± 1851.39 joules; females (n = 8): 4214.00 ± 2459.07 joules]. Type II muscle fiber for the sample was 24.48% ± 12.92% (males: 20.83 ± 13.18%; females: 28.59 ± 12.10%). W\u27 was not significantly correlated to type II muscle fibers (r = -0.070, p = 0.790) but was significantly related when controlling for gender (r = 0.579, p = 0.024). W’ was correlated to Wpeak and BMI in the sample; when controlling for gender, it was correlated to Wpeak, Type I and Type II muscle fiber percentage and CP. Compared to females, males had higher W’ (p \u3c 0.001) and CP (p = 0.004). W’ was not correlated to type II muscle fibers but was when controlling for gender. Males were demonstrated to have significantly higher W’, CP, Wpeak and BMI compared to females suggesting potential muscle cross sectional area influences W’ and CP when comparing genders

Effects of Supplemental SoyPass in Forage-Based Diets Containing Distillers Grains on Performance of Growing Steers

SoyPass was supplemented in two grass hay diets containing 20% or 35% wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) to analyze the effects on growing cattle performance. The SoyPass supplement replaced 0, 30, or 60% of dietary WDGS for a total of 6 treatments with a factorial design. Substituting SoyPass into the diet did not affect average daily gain (ADG) of calves; however, calves consuming the 35% WDGS diet gained 31% more than the 20% WDGS treatment calves. Dry matter intake (DMI) and feed to gain (F:G) increased linearly in the 35% WDGS diet with the inclusion of SoyPass. In the 20% WDGS diet, DMI and F:G were maximized when SoyPass replaced 30% of the WDGS and lowest when SoyPass replaced 60% of WDGS. Therefore, SoyPass can replace up to 60% of the WDGS in forage based diets containing 20% WDGS with no adverse effects on performance by appearing to supply needed lysine

Evaluation of Two Implant Strategies, Revalor- XH or a Combination Revalor- IH/Revalor- 200 on Heifer Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics

A commercial feedlot trial examined effects of two implant strategies (Revalor- IH on d 1 and re- implanted with Revalor- 200 on d 101 or Revalor- XH on d 1) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of heifers fed 183 days. Th ere were no differences between implant strategies for final body weight, dry matter intake, and average daily gain. Heifers implanted with the combination IH/200 treatment had improved carcassadjusted feed conversion, greater LM area, and lower calculated yield grade compared to heifers implanted with XH. Th e response in growth performance between the two implant strategies suggests that the partiallycoated Revalor- XH implant can be used in place of a more aggressive implant strategy when heifers are fed to similar days